==========================================================================
                    SUBSTITUTING FOOD INGREDIENTS
==========================================================================
for these:                      substitute these:

1 whole egg for thickening      2 egg yolks. Or 1 tbs dried whole egg plus
   or baking                        2 tsps water.
1 whole egg in a batter         2 tbs fresh dry snow, just before baking.
1 cup butter or margerine       7/8 cup rendered animal fat with 1/2 tsp
   for shortening                   salt.  
1 square (ounce) chocolate      3-1/2 tbs cocoa plus 1/2 tbs fat.
Nut meats                       Similar amount of browned rolled oats.
1 tsp double acting baking      1-1/2 tsps phosphate baking powder, or 2
   powder                           tsps tartrate baking powder.
Baking soda in breadstuffs      Equal amount of the white of hardwood
                                    ashes.
1 cup whole mik                 1/2 cup evaporated milk plus 1/2 cup water
                                    or 4 tbs dry whole milk plus 1 cup
                                    water or 1/3 cup nonfat dry milk plus
                                    2-1/2 tsp table fat and 3/4 cup water
                                    or 1 cup skim milk plus 2 tbs salad
                                    oil.
1 cup skim milk                 1/3 cup nonfat dry milk plus 3/4 cup water.
1 tbs flour, for thickening     1/2 tbs cornstarch, potato starch, rice
                                    starch, or arrowroot starch or 1 tbs
                                    granulated tapioca.
1 cup cake flour, for baking    7/8 cup all-purpose flour.
1 cup all purpose flour, for    Up to 1/2 cup bran, whole wheat flour, or
   baking breads                    corn meal plus enough flour to fill
                                    cup.
Jelling agent for jelly making   1 level tsp Epsom Salts for each 5 lbs of
                                    fruit.
==========================================================================